Showing posts with label Operating System. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Operating System. Show all posts
Before Windows 8 was released, there were
a lot of publicity surrounding problems with printing. If you already have
Windows 8 and are in the market for a new printer, look out for either printed
information, or a sticker on the box that will tell you whether or not the
printer is compatible. This is the best way to be sure that it will work when
you get home. If you already have a printer and are considering upgrading to Windows
8, there are a few things that you may wish to consider first as this article looking at the surrounding issues for installing printers on windows 8.
Use the Upgrade Assistant to Check for Compatibility
The Windows 8 Upgrade Assistant can be run
before you go ahead and purchase a copy of Windows 8. This will tell you not
only if you are likely to encounter any problems with your printer, but also
any other devices you have attached or software installed. As you cannot roll
back from Windows 8 without reinstalling Windows, it is important to check that
everything you consider essential, such as your printer, will work before you
even think about upgrading. Even if you are planning on buying a new computer
to use Windows 8 with it is still worthwhile running the Windows 8 Upgrade
Assistant, as much of the software you use (including your printer drivers)
will still be required on your new computer. If the Windows 8 Upgrade Assistant
doesn’t find any problems with your printer then you should be ready to go. If
it does say that there are compatibility issues, there is still a chance that
your printer may work with Windows 8, either fully or in a limited capacity,
for example some multifunctional devices (printers that also act as a scanner
and copier) will still print but may no longer allow you to scan documents. If
it offers the option to scan to a memory card or USB device this may not be
such a problem, however if it is your only method of scanning, you may consider
this a big issue.
Check the Manufacturer’s Website
The manufacturer’s website should have
the latest information about the compatibility of your printer. It should tell
you whether or not your printer will work with Windows 8, and if it will, give
you the option to download the drivers. Some people will prefer to have
everything they need ready before they upgrade, whilst others prefer to wait
until the upgrade is done before downloading drivers and software. If you are
planning on running Windows 8 on a tablet, it is particularly important to
check with the manufacture first, as some printers that are not compatible with
Windows 8 are not compatible with Windows 8 RT which is the version supplied on
many of these devices. TechKoW did an investigation into printers from
some of the big brands and found the level of compatibility was surprisingly
low, however this article was written when Windows 8 was first released, so the
manufacturers will now have newer, fully compatible printers on the market.
Advice Before you Upgrade
The internet is a wonderful resource,
and if it does look like your printer may have a problem, or you are unsure
about the information provided by either the Windows 8 Upgrade Assistant or the
manufacturers website, there is a good chance that a search for your printers
model number will give you some insight into other people’s experiences.
Magazines and review websites are also best way.
Computer hardware provides us
the means of processing and storing information. In order to perform useful
work for us it has been driven by means of software program which specify the
task to be done. Software can be classified into two distinct group - (1)
System Software, (2) Application Software.
System
Software- These software's are designed to provide an environment to
facilitate the writing of application program. Example-Assemblers, loader,
Compiler interpreter, operating system etc.
Application Software - It
consist of collection of program, written by programmer in order to perform
some specific task for users. Example - Word Processor, spread sheets, web
browser etc.
Definition
of Operating System: “Operating system is a system software. It is
a collection of program works between the user and hardware of computer. So
that application program i.e. user program can run in convenient and efficient
manner”.
Operating system is a chief
part of almost every computer system which manages the resources of computer
system. Such as microprocessor, primary and secondary storage devices &
input/output devices. It keeps the information regarding the status of each
resources and decides how long and when to allocate them to specific particular
program and users in order to operate the computer system efficiently and
fairly.
Computer system is divided into
four parts:
(1) Hardware,
(2) Operating System,
(3) Application Software and
(4) Users
There are two main goals of
operating system -
1. Convenience
- The primary goals of operating system is to make computer system easier for
user i.e. operating system makes the interaction between user and hardware
easier.
2. Efficient
- The secondary goal of OS is to allocate the system resources to various
application programs as efficiently as possible.
Functions
of Operating System
1. Processor management, that
is, allocation of processors to different works being done by the computer
system.
2. Memory management, that is,
assignment of main memory and other storage areas to the system programs, user
programs and data.
3. Input/Output management,
that is, proper interaction and allocation of the various input and output
devices when different programs are being executed.
4. File management, that is,
keeping record of files on various storage devices and move all these files
from one device to another. It provides facility to all files to be easily
changed by the use of text editors.
5. Give emphasis on building a job priority
system. That is, it finds out and keeps record of order in which jobs are to be
executed in the computer system.
6. Switching from job to job as
guided by special control statements, automatically.
7. Understand the meaning of
commands and instructions.
8. Making interfacing and
allocation of compilers, assemblers, utility programs, etc to the various users
of the computer system.
9. Building mechanism of data
security and integrity. That is, it stores different programs and data in a way
that they do not communicate with each other and also protects itself from
being damaged by any other user.
10. Generation of traces, error
messages, and other debugging and error-detecting facility.
11. For all users keep record
of internal time clock and log of system usage.
12. Help easy interfacing
between the computer system and the human operator.
Efficiency
of Operating System
The efficiency of an operating
system and the overall performance of a computer installation are judged by a
combination of two main factors. They are:
1. Throughput - It is the total amount of work performed by the
computer system over a given duration of time.
2. Turnaround Time - It is also known as response time and is defined
as the difference of time between the time a user submits his job to the system
for processing and the time he receives output.
Ways
to interact with Operating System (OS)
1. By
means of operating system call in a program.
2. Directly
by means of Operating System Commands.
System
Call
System call provides mechanism
for communication between the operating system and user program (processes).
The set of system call vary from different operating system. Initially, system
calls are written as assembly language instruction. But at present, these are
available as high level languages such as 'C, Pascal etc. System calls are
classified into five categories-
1. Process management system
call.
2. File management system call.
3. Device management system call.
4. Information management
system call.
5. Communication system call.
Types
of System Calls and their respective operation
i)
Process control system call
(a) end, abort
(b) load, execute
(c) create process, terminate
process
(d) get process attributes, set
process attributes
(e) wait for time
(f) wait event, signal event
(g) allocate and free memory
ii)
File management system call
(a) Create file, delete file
(b) open, close
(c) read, write, reposition
(d) get file attributes, set
file attributes
iii)
Device management system call
(a) request device, release
device
(b) read, write, reposition
(c) get device attributes, set
device attributes
(d) logically attach or detach
devices
iv)
Information maintenance system call
(a) get time or date, set time
or date
(b) get system data, set system
data
(c) get process, file, or device
attributes
(d) set process, file, or
device attributes
v)
Communications system call
(a) create, delete
communication connection
(b) send, receive massages
(c) transfer status information
(d) attach or detach remote
devices
System
Commands
The second way to interact directly
with the operating system is with the help of commands. As type commands in MS DOS
(Microsoft Disk Operating System) Command Prompt in order interact with the OS
directly. There are various commands as each has different
use. To know more about command prompt and to get list of commands of windows OS commands– Just Click here!
What is Operating System?
Any hardware when manufactured in company is of not much use by itself. We need a software to drive it. A software to tell it what to do. This same applies to the computer as a whole. Computer is basically combination of input output devices, memory and CPU. We need BIOS (Basic Input Output Software) to turn on the computer. Once BIOS is loaded it looks for operating system installed in computer. Operating system is like just another software, but it controls the computer. Operating system tells computer what to do and how to do it. It has hardware drivers to access various hardwares such as HDD (Hard Disk Drive) or printer.
Operating system’s core is called a kernel. Kernel is bridge between application softwares and hardwares. On top of Kernel there is hardware drivers, system software and then application softwares. While the computer is running; operating system loads a small piece of itself into the memory and most of the time it carries out the data processing and decision making from memory only. Sometimes it writes data to hard disk - this concept in detail known as virtual memory.
Among many; some major tasks of operating system to be listed are task scheduling, resource allocation and common services for applications programs etc. At a given time period there are many tasks running in computer. Someone need to decide the priority and resource allocation for those task. Operating system does it by using many algorithms among which time scheduling is common one. When an application software needs to access one of Input / Output device it requests it to the operating system and then operating system in turn does the job of accessing that device. Example of some modern operating systems are Linux, BSD, Windows, Mac OS and Android.
Top Three Operating Systems
Pronounced
yoo-niks, a popular multi-user, multi-tasking operating system developed in the
1960s at the bell laboratory. Created by just a handful of programmers, UNIX
was designed to be a small, flexible system used exclusively by programmers.
UNIX is a highly programmable language (an operating system) and still regarded
as one of the most powerful, versatile, and flexible operating system (OS) in
the computer world. UNIX Systems have Graphical User Interface (GUI) facility
like Microsoft Windows which to easy to use. The most famous varieties of UNIX
are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux, and MacOS X.
It was designed
for a programmer not for a casual end-user. A programmer can easily operate
UNIX operating system.
Multi-tasking Facility
Many computers do
just only one thing at a time, as anyone who uses a PC or laptop can attest.
But, on the other hand, UNIX lets a computer do several things at once, such as
printing out one file while the user edits another file. This is a major
feature for users, since users don’t have to wait for one application to end
before starting another one.
Multi-user Facility
The computer can
take the commands of a number of users, determined by the design of the
computer to run programs, access files, and print documents at the same time.
This is the best facility of UNIX.
It has fast speed
with respect to others and it is mainly divided in three parts as follows -
1. The Kernel
2. The shell and
3. The programs
The Kernel
It controls the
hardware and turns part of the system on and off at the programmer’s command.
If you ask the computer to list all the files in a directory then, the kernel
tells the computer to read all the files in that directory from the disk and
display them on your screen.
The Shell
Shell is used to
act as an interpreter between the user and the computer as its purpose is same
like Kernel. There are several types of shell as most notably the command
driven Bourne Shell, the C Shell (no pun intended), and menu-driven shells that
make it easier for beginners to use.
The Programs
There are hundreds
of programs available to UNIX users. Typically, they are grouped into
categories for certain functions, such as word processing, business
applications, or programming.
The main features
of UNIX are—
• Multitasking
capability
• Multiuser
capability
• Portability
• UNIX programs
• Library of
application software
Finally, UNIX is
the best operating system, very admired as today it is using by billions of
peoples…
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